Practice Test 4

Answer key

1. 1. Village or settlement — Jacques Cartier heard Aboriginal guides use the Iroquoian word 'kanata,' meaning village or settlement, to refer to the area near present-day Quebec City, and he applied it to the broader territory.
2. 2. 1608 — Samuel de Champlain established a permanent French settlement at Quebec City in 1608, making it one of the oldest cities in North America and the foundation of New France.
3. 3. Founding Quebec City and establishing French settlements — Champlain's founding of Quebec City in 1608 and his tireless efforts to establish alliances with Aboriginal peoples and build lasting French colonies earned him the title 'Father of New France.'
4. 4. Beaver — Beaver pelts were extraordinarily valuable in Europe for making fashionable felt hats. The beaver trade drove exploration deep into the interior of North America and shaped early alliances with Aboriginal peoples.
5. 5. Hudson Bay — The Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) was chartered by King Charles II in 1670 and established trading posts around Hudson Bay, from which it traded furs across the vast Rupert's Land territory.
6. 6. False — Quebec City was founded by Champlain in 1608, while the Hudson's Bay Company was chartered in 1670 — over sixty years later.
7. 7. The French and Indian War — In North America, the Seven Years' War (1756–1763) is often called the French and Indian War. It ended French colonial power in North America and transferred New France to British control.
8. 8. The Plains of Abraham — The Battle of the Plains of Abraham, fought just outside Quebec City on September 13, 1759, resulted in a British victory. Both commanders — Wolfe (British) and Montcalm (French) — died in the battle.
9. 9. Wolfe and Montcalm — British General James Wolfe and French General the Marquis de Montcalm both died during or shortly after the Battle of the Plains of Abraham on September 13, 1759.
10. 10. Allowed French Canadians to keep their language, religion, and civil law — The Quebec Act of 1774 guaranteed French Canadians the right to practice Roman Catholicism, use French civil law, and maintain their language and customs, helping to preserve French Canadian culture under British rule.
11. 11. True — With the American Revolution brewing, Britain passed the Quebec Act to win the loyalty of French Canadians by protecting their language, religion, and laws, making it less likely they would join the American cause.
12. 12. Remained loyal to the British Crown and fled to Canada after the American Revolution — United Empire Loyalists were colonists who remained loyal to the British Crown during the American Revolution (1775–1783). After the war, tens of thousands fled to what is now Canada, especially Ontario and the Maritimes.
13. 13. Ontario (Upper Canada) — The influx of Loyalists into what is now Ontario led to the creation of Upper Canada in 1791, a separate English-speaking colony distinct from the French-speaking Lower Canada.
14. 14. The United States — The War of 1812 was fought between the United States and Britain (including British North America). American forces attempted to invade and annex Canada, but were repelled. The war reinforced a distinct Canadian identity.
15. 15. Walking nearly 30 kilometres to warn British forces of an American attack — In 1813, Laura Secord overheard American officers planning a surprise attack. She walked approximately 30 kilometres through difficult terrain to warn British commander James FitzGibbon, helping lead to the American defeat at the Battle of Beaver Dams.
16. 16. The White House — In August 1814, British forces (with Canadian support) marched on Washington and burned the White House and other government buildings, partly in retaliation for the American burning of York (Toronto) in 1813.
17. 17. True — American forces attempted to invade and annex British North America during the War of 1812, but Canadian militia, British regulars, and Aboriginal allies successfully repelled the invasions. The war reinforced a distinct Canadian identity.
18. 18. Unresponsive, unelected colonial governments that ignored elected assemblies — The 1837–38 rebellions in both Upper Canada (led by William Lyon Mackenzie) and Lower Canada (led by Louis-Joseph Papineau) were driven by frustration that unelected governors and their councils ignored the elected assemblies, denying colonists meaningful self-government.
19. 19. Maintain the confidence and support of the elected legislature — Responsible government means that the Cabinet (executive) must have the confidence of the elected legislature to govern. If the legislature votes no-confidence, the government must resign. This principle was won by British North American colonies in the 1840s.
20. 20. July 1, 1867 — Canada became a self-governing Dominion on July 1, 1867, through the British North America Act. July 1 is now celebrated annually as Canada Day.